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The visual and vestibular systems work in tight coordination to keep the world stable as we move through it. When this integrated system is disrupted, whether through peripheral vestibular hypofunction or after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), patients commonly experience dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty reading, visual fatigue, and challenges with balance. Although some rehabilitation programs for these conditions may appear similar on the surface, the underlying mechani

Neck afferent information is important for coordinated head, neck, and upper-extremity movements , as well as for maintaining body position and spatial orientation. When distorted, it can heavily contribute to altered cervical sensorimotor control, which can heavily affect balance and stability and lead to symptoms of dizziness and unsteadiness  (Peng et al., 2021) . Considering this, evaluation of cervical proprioception may be the missing key to better management of dizzy

Optokinetic stimulation (OKS) is an important tool in this context. OKS consists of exposure to large‑field moving visual stimuli, introducing controlled visual motion that creates a sensory conflict. This conflict forces the brain to reweight sensory information and reveals how effectively visual and vestibular signals are integrated.

The vestibulo‑ocular reflex (VOR) helps keep vision stable when the head moves by generating eye movements in the opposite direction. This allows images to remain clear on the retina during everyday activities such as walking, bending, or turning the head. When VOR performance is reduced, patients often experience blurred vision, oscillopsia, or difficulty keeping objects in focus while moving

Balance disorders, often overlooked and misunderstood, can have a profound impact on an individual's daily life, making even simple tasks...